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Many centuries ago, the abacus evolved independently in many countries throughout Europe, the Middle East and China. Its use is recorded in China as early as 6th century B.C., from where it found it's way to Korea and Japan. Different styles of abacus were used in different countries, the Chinese version being known as a "Suen Poon" (abacus) Use of the abacus in the Western world ceased many years ago but it is still in extensive use in Hong Kong and China. A Abacus (Suen Poon) consists of a wooden frame with 13 sticks (some may have less) stretched vertically between the top and bottom, a wooden bar runs horizontally in the frame, two third of the way up the sticks. Two beads are strung on each stick above the horizontal bar and five beads below. The two beads represent five units each and the lower beads, single units of the order represented by the column. |
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The Abacus (Suen Poon) is still in use and its distinctive noise can be heard in many small businesses and restaurants in Hong Kong and China. ![]() Experts use it to make long and complicated calculations faster than the same calculations made by using an electronic calculator. Indeed, competitions are regularly held in Hong Kong to determine which method is faster and the Abacus (Suen Poon) users inevitably win. One mathematics teacher in Hong Kong has gone a step further; he teaches his pupils to calculate using a Abacus (Suen Poon) and when they are proficient, he removes the Abacus (Suen Poon). The pupils then solve complicated mathematical problems by moving their fingers as if using an imaginary Abacus (Suen Poon). They have been tested and have proved capable of making mental calculations quicker than using electronic calculators. The first time an IBM computer was put on display at the old Radio Show at Earls Court, a glass-fronted box containing an abacus (Suen Poon) was located on the wall next to the computer. Under the box was the message "IN CASE OF FAILURE, BREAK GLASS". |
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Upper
Portion (UP): Two beads - represent FIVE each. Lower Portion (LP): Five Beads - represent ONE each. From right (R) to the left (L) 1) The first stick = 1 2) The second stick = 2 3) The third stick = 3 4) The fourth stick = 4 5) The fifth stick = 5 6) The sixth stick = 6 ...and so on |
| (1) Fingers to Use | ||
| Use the THUMB and the
FOREFINGER. |
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| (2) Action to Take | ||
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"Push to" (Pt) or "Away from" (Af) the horizontal
bar (B). |
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| (3) Set up Position | ||
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Upper Portion (UP) and Lower Portion (LP),
all beads
"Away from" (af) the horizontal bar (B).
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| (4) Direction to work from | ||
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From Right to Left for
addition and subtraction, from left to right for multiplication.
(see examples below) |
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| (5)
Units Arrangement
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| C1 | unit | C4 | thousand | |
| C2 | ten units | C5 | ten thousand | |
| C3 | hundred | C6 | hundred thousand | |
| and so on....
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| (6)
Five units and Ten units
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(1) C1 - 5 beads in LP
= 1 bead in UP
Procedures: 5 beads (Af) in LP and 1 bead (Pt) in UP (result in C2) (2) C3 - 2 beads in UP = 1 bead in next column c4 LP Procedures: 2 beads (Af) in UP and 1 bead (Pt) in next column LP (result in C4) |
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(7) Addition
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(A) 91 + 5 Procedures: 1) "Pt" 91 beads arrangement (brown beads) 2) "Pt" 5 beads in UP (red bead) 3) Result = 96 |
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(B) 1,628 +
1,151 Procedures: 1) "Pt" 1,628 beads arrangement (brown beads) 2) "Pt" 1,151 beads arrangement (red beads) 3) Result = 2,779 |
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(C) 5,122 + 1,767 Procedures: 1) "Pt" 5,122 beads arrangement (brown beads) 2) "Pt" 1,767 beads arrangement (red beads) 3) Result = 6,889 |
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(8) Subtraction
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(A) 54 - 17
Procedures: 1) C1 C2: "Pt" 54 beads 2) C1: 4 is not enough to subtract 7, hence borrow 10 from C2 then become 14 - 7 = 7 Action: a) C2: 1 bead "Af" in UP, 4 beads "Pt" in LP b) C1: 10 units add to C1, 2 beads "Pt" in UP c) C1: Subtract 7 become 1 "Af" UP, 2 "Af" LP 3) C2: Subtract 1, 1 bead "Af" LP 4) Result = 37 (see C4 C3) |
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(B) 94 -
28
Procedures: 1) C2 C1: "Pt" 94 beads 2) C1: 4 is not enough to subtract 8, hence borrow 10 from C2 then become 14 - 8 = 6 Action: a) C2: 1 bead "Af" in LP b) C1: 10 units add to C1, 2 beads "Pt" in UP c) C1: Subtract 8 become 1 "Af" UP, 3 "Af" LP 3) C2: Subtract 2, 2 beads "Af" LP 4) Result = 66 (see C4 C3) |
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(C)
9699 - 6647
Procedures: 1) C4 C3 C2 C1: "Pt" 9699 beads 2) C1: Subtract 7, 1 bead "Af" UP, 2 beads "Af" LP 3) C2: Subtract 4, 4 beads "Af" LP 4) C3: Subtract 6, 1 bead "Af" UP, 1 bead "Af" LP 5) C4: Subtract 6, 1 bead "Af" UP, 1 bead "Af" LP 6) Result = 3052 (brown beads "Pt") |
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(9)
Multiplication
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(A) 24 x 6
Procedures: 1) Multiply 4 x 6, result "Pt" in C2 C1 = 24 (brown beads "Pt") 2) Multiply 2 x 6, result "Pt" in C3 C2 = 12 (red beads "Pt") 3) Result = 144 |
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(B) 62 x 8
Procedures: 1) Multiply 2 x 8, result "Pt" in C2 C1 = 16 (brown beads "Pt") 2) Multiply 6 x 8, result "Pt" in C3 C2 = 48 (red beads "Pt") and add with number already there. 3) Result = 496 |
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(C) 23 x 13
Procedures: 1) Multiply 3 x 1, result "Pt" in C2 = 3 ( brown beads "Pt") 2) Multiply 3 x 3, result "Pt" in C1 = 9 (red beads "Pt") 3) Multiply 2 x 1, result "Pt" in C4 = 2 (green beads "Pt") 4) Multiply 2 x 3, result "Pt" in C2 = 6 (light blue beads "Pt") 5) Result = 299 |
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(D) 121 x 211
Procedures: 1) Multiply 1 x 2 , result "Pt" in C3 = 2 (see a beads "Pt"), if two digits result, result should put in C4 C3 2) Multiply 1 x 1, result "Pt" in C2 = 1 (see b bead "Pt") 3) Multiply 1 x 1, result "Pt" in C1 = 1 (see c bead "Pt") 4) Multiply 2 x 2 , result "Pt" in C4 = 4 (see d beads "Pt") 5) Multiply 2 x 1, result "Pt" in C3 = 2 (see e beads "Pt") 6) Multiply 2 x 1, result "Pt" in C2 = 2 (see f beads "Pt") 7) Multiply 1 x 2, result "Pt" in C5 = 2 (see g beads "Pt") 8) Multiply 1 x 1, result "Pt" in C2 = 1 (see h bead "Pt") 9) Multiply 1 x 1, result "Pt" in C5 = 1 (see i bead "Pt") 10) Result = 25531 Enjoy! |
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